Antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents, which have been a very powerful tool in the clinical
management of bacterial diseases since the 1940s. However, benefits offered by these …

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays an important role in the evolution of life on the Earth.
This view is supported by numerous occasions of HGT that are recorded in the genomes of …

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a phenomenon of concern to the clinician
and the pharmaceutical industry, as it is the major cause of failure in the treatment of …

Antibiotics are used in animal livestock production for therapeutic treatment of disease and
at subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion and improvement of feed efficiency. It is …

Investigations of antibiotic resistance from an environmental prospective shed new light on a
problem that was traditionally confined to a subset of clinically relevant antibiotic‐resistant …

It is generally assumed that antibiotics can promote horizontal gene transfer. However,
because of a variety of confounding factors that complicate the interpretation of previous …

A new perspective on the topic of antibiotic resistance is beginning to emerge based on a
broader evolutionary and ecological understanding rather than from the traditional …

Tetracyclines probably penetrate bacterial cells by passive diffusion and inhibit bacterial
growth by interfering with protein synthesis or by destroying the membrane. A growing …

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are widespread mobile DNA that transmit both
vertically, in a host-integrated state, and horizontally, through excision and transfer to new …

One of the most terrible consequences of Darwinian evolution is arguably the emergence
and spread of antibiotic resistance, which is becoming a serious menace to modern …