To defense harmful stimuli or maintain the immune homeostasis, the body produces and
recruits a superfamily of cytokines such as interleukins, interferons, chemokines etc. Among …

Introduction: Chemokines play important roles in inflammation and in immune responses.
This article will discuss the current literature on the C–C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a global health threat with the potential to cause …

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has emerged and caused global
outbreaks since 2007. Although ZIKV proteins have been shown to suppress early anti-viral …

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are key regulators of innate and adaptive
immunity. There is no described biological role for SOCS4, despite broad expression in the …

Influenza patients frequently display increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae
co-infection and sepsis, the prevalent cause of mortality during influenza pandemics …

Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins mediate protection against enveloped
viruses by blocking membrane fusion at endosomes. IFITM1 and IFITM3 are crucial for …

Influenza is a disease of the respiratory system caused by single stranded RNA viruses with
varying genotypes. Immunopathogenesis to influenza viruses differs based on virus strain …

Background Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is frequently
associated with severe clinical manifestations in patients infected with influenza A/H1N1 …

The CXC motif chemokine ligand 17 (CXCL17) is chemotactic for myeloid cells, exhibits
bactericidal activity, and exerts anti-viral functions. This chemokine is constitutively …