In this chapter, we present and discuss in detail current and novel advances in our
understanding of the processes that drove primordial differentiation of the Moon. This …

An international team of researchers gathered, with the support of the International Space
Science Institute (ISSI),(1) to review seismological investigations of the lunar interior from the …

The detection of deep reflected S waves on Mars inferred a core size of 1,830±40 km (ref.),
requiring light-element contents that are incompatible with experimental petrological …

The Chang'E-5 (CE5) mission has demonstrated that lunar volcanism was still active until
two billion years ago, much younger than the previous isotopically dated lunar basalts. How …

We invert the Martian tidal response and mean mass and moment of inertia for chemical
composition, thermal state, and interior structure. The inversion combines phase equilibrium …

Abstract The Chang'E 5 (CE-5) samples represent the youngest mare basalt ever known
and provide an access into the late lunar evolution. Recent studies have revealed that CE-5 …

Seismological models from Apollo missions provided the first records of the Moon inner
structure with a decrease in seismic wave velocities at the core–mantle boundary,–. The …

Deep inside planets, extreme density, pressure, and temperature strongly modify the
properties of the constituent materials. In particular, how much heat solids can sustain before …

Solid body tides on the Moon vary by about±0.1 m each month. In addition to changes in
shape, the Moon's gravity field and orientation in space are affected by tides. The tidal …

The evolution and compositional structure of the lunar mantle has been extensively modeled
but insufficiently constrained by observations. Here, we identify and characterize mantle …