Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

The actions of neuromodulation are thought to mediate the ability of the mammalian brain to
dynamically adjust its functional state in response to changes in the environment. Altered …

Dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in the brain, and the ability to directly measure
dopaminergic activity is essential for understanding its physiological functions. We therefore …

Continual learning aims to empower artificial intelligence with strong adaptability to the real
world. For this purpose, a desirable solution should properly balance memory stability with …

Making inferences about the computations performed by neuronal circuits from synapse-
level connectivity maps is an emerging opportunity in neuroscience. The mushroom body …

Associating multiple sensory cues with objects and experience is a fundamental brain
process that improves object recognition and memory performance. However, neural …

Dendritic calcium signaling is central to neural plasticity mechanisms that allow animals to
adapt to the environment. Intracellular calcium release (ICR) from the endoplasmic reticulum …

Sensory areas are spontaneously active in the absence of sensory stimuli. This
spontaneous activity has long been studied; however, its functional role remains largely …

Dopamine plays a central role in motivating and modifying behavior, serving to invigorate
current behavioral performance and guide future actions through learning. Here we examine …

The Drosophila brain contains a relatively simple circuit for forming Pavlovian associations,
yet it achieves many operations common across memory systems. Recent advances have …