Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both
pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or …

The objective of lung development is to generate an organ of gas exchange that provides
both a thin gas diffusion barrier and a large gas diffusion surface area, which concomitantly …

During late lung development, alveolar and microvascular development is finalized to
enable sufficient gas exchange. Impaired late lung development manifests as …

Transforming growth factor–β (TGFβ) is a key driver of fibrogenesis. Three TGFβ isoforms
(TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3) in mammals have distinct functions in embryonic development; …

Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising tools for the treatment
of human lung disease and other pathologies relevant to newborn medicine. Recent studies …

Summary Wnt ligands oligomerize Frizzled (Fzd) and Lrp5/6 receptors to control the
specification and activity of stem cells in many species. How Wnt signaling is selectively …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a clan of proteins involved in identification and triggering
a suitable response against pathogenic attacks. As lung is steadily exposed to multiple …

Alveolarization is the process by which the alveoli, the principal gas exchange units of the
lung, are formed. Along with the maturation of the pulmonary vasculature, alveolarization is …

Hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI) is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of
bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in neonates, for which no specific preventive or …

Vitamin D is customarily involved in maintaining bone and calcium homeostasis. However,
contemporary studies have identified the implication of vitamin D in several cellular …