Introduction The normal bladder functions, storage and elimination of urine, are based on a
coordinated interplay of reciprocal contraction and relaxation of the bladder and the outflow …

Movement, the fundamental component of behavior and the principal extrinsic action of the
brain, is produced when skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to patterns of action …

Coordination between the urinary bladder and the urethra is mediated by multiple reflex
pathways organized in the brain and spinal cord. Some reflexes promote urine storage; …

The urethral rhabdosphincter and pelvic floor muscles are important in maintenance of
urinary continence and in preventing descent of pelvic organs [ie, pelvic organ prolapse …

Thyroid dysfunctions can produce reproductive problems. Untreated maternal
hypothyroidism has serious consequences on development of offspring, resulting in stunted …

Normally, during bladder filling (continence) and expulsion (micturition) there is a reciprocity
between the pattern of activity in the urinary bladder sacral parasympathetic efferents and …

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) involves involuntary leakage of urine in response to
abdominal pressure caused by activities such as sneezing and coughing. The condition …

The alternation between urine retention and discharge several times daily from a nappy to
the cessation ofall vital functions only becomes the subject baby's first wet of greater …

Purpose: Individuals with spinal cord injury or neurological disorders may have neurogenic
detrusor contractions at low volumes (bladder hyperreflexia), which cause incontinence and …

Individuals with a spinal cord injury or neurological disorders may develop involuntary
bladder contractions at low volumes (bladder hyper-reflexia), which can lead to significant …