Abstract Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a stromal cell population with cell-of-origin,
phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, are the most essential components of the tumor …

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are
capable of killing virally infected and/or cancerous cells. Nearly 20 years ago, NK cell …

The tumor microenvironment is highly complex, and immune escape is currently considered
an important hallmark of cancer, largely contributing to tumor progression and metastasis …

Immunotherapy with checkpoint blockade induces rapid and durable immune control of
cancer in some patients and has driven a monumental shift in cancer treatment. Neoantigen …

Natural killer (NK) cells can swiftly kill multiple adjacent cells if these show surface markers
associated with oncogenic transformation. This property, which is unique among immune …

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and contribute to protecting the
host through killing of infected, foreign, stressed or transformed cells. Additionally, via …

Transforming growth factor–β1 (TGF-β1) is inextricably linked to regulatory T cell (Treg)
biology. However, precisely untangling the role for TGF-β1 in Treg differentiation and …

New therapies that promote antitumour immunity have been recently developed. Most of
these immunomodulatory approaches have focused on enhancing T-cell responses, either …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular programme that is known to be crucial
for embryogenesis, wound healing and malignant progression. During EMT, cell–cell and …

The TGF-β regulatory system plays crucial roles in the preservation of organismal integrity.
TGF-β signaling controls metazoan embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and injury …