Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes
substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors …

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is increasingly used as the standard method for
detection and characterization of microorganisms and genetic markers in a variety of sample …

Noroviruses are genetically diverse RNA viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in
mammalian hosts. Phylogenetically, they can be segregated into different genogroups as …

Environmental waters are monitored for fecal pollution to protect public health and water
resources. Traditionally, general fecal-indicator bacteria are used; however, they cannot …

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted by the fecal–oral route and causes sporadic and
epidemic forms of acute hepatitis. Large waterborne HEV epidemics have been documented …

Accurate indicators of fecal pollution are needed in order to minimize public health risks
associated with wastewater contamination in recreational waters. However, the bacterial …

Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of human health risks using human fecal
marker genes (HFMGs) is an useful water quality management tool. To inform accurate …

The employment of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for virus detection and
quantification offers the advantages of high sensitivity and reproducibility, combined with an …

Foodborne viruses, especially noroviruses (NoV), are increasingly reported as the cause of
foodborne outbreaks. NoV outbreaks have been reported linked to fresh soft red fruits and …

Transmission of viruses via surface water is a major public health concern. To determine the
viral concentration in rivers of a densly-populated area in Germany, the virus adsorption …