Abstract Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid metabolite that exerts its actions
by engaging 5 G-protein-coupled receptors (S1PR1-S1PR5). S1P receptors are involved in …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common, disabling, putatively autoimmune neurological disease
with worldwide distribution. It typically begins as a relapsing disorder that later evolves to a …

Objective Little is known about disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis
(MS) and infection risk in clinical practice. We examined the association between DMTs and …

Abstract Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a highly complex heterotrimeric enzyme that
catalyzes the selective removal of phosphate groups from protein serine and threonine …

Inflammatory mechanisms are currently considered as a prime target for stroke therapy.
There is evidence from animal studies that immune signals and mediators can have both …

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that may require decades of
ongoing treatment. Therefore, the long-term safety and efficacy of disease-modifying …

Neuroinflammation is an adaptive response of the central nervous system to diverse
potentially injurious stimuli, which is closely associated with neurodegeneration and …

The family of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) are G protein-coupled and
comprise of five subtypes, S1P 1-S1P 5. These receptors are activated by the sphingolipid …

In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress
are central events. Recent genome-wide transcriptomic analyses of microglial cells under …

Pro-inflammatory immune system development, metabolomic defects, and deregulation of
autophagy play interconnected roles in driving the pathogenesis of systemic lupus …