In conditions of constant illumination, the eye pupil diameter indexes the modulation of
arousal state and responds to a large breadth of cognitive processes, including mental effort …

We present theory and research on effort mobilization that is relevant for understanding the
role of affect in cognitive control. We posit that cognitive control and effort are closely related …

This article presents an integrative model of effortful control, a resource-limited top-down
control mechanism involved in mental tasks and physical exercises. Based on recent …

Despite its apparent intuitiveness and widespread interest from across various fields,'effort'is
a variable that seems difficult to define. The purpose of this article is to consider and define …

This article presents a quasi‐experiment (N= 79 university students) testing whether
individual differences in action‐state orientation moderate primed cognitive conflict's effects …

Influential theories in psychology, neuroscience, and economics assume that the exertion of
mental effort should feel aversive. Yet, this assumption is usually untested, and it is …

Since personal choice fosters commitment and shields action execution against potentially
conflicting influences, two laboratory experiments with university students (N= 228) tested …

Although mind wandering during reading is known to be affected by text difficulty, the nature
of this relationship is not yet fully understood. To examine this issue, we conducted an …

Background The pupillary light reflex is the main mechanism that regulates the pupillary
diameter; it is controlled by the autonomic system and mediated by subcortical pathways. In …

Human behavior is more strongly driven by the motivation to avoid losses than to pursue
gains (loss aversion). However, there is little research on how losses influence the …