This paper compares different photocathodes that are applicable for electron injector
systems and summarizes the development in cathode technology in the last years. The …

Quantum efficiency (QE), intrinsic emittance, and robustness are the three most important
figures of merit for photocathodes, the first two determine the ultimate achievable brightness …

High gradient photocathode radio-frequency guns have enabled a broad range of modern
accelerator-based scientific instruments. To further enhance the capabilities of these …

Photoinjectors are the main high brightness electron sources for x-ray free electron lasers
(XFELs). Photoinjector emittance reduction is one of the key knobs for improving XFEL …

In a high-brightness photocathode gun, the non-uniformity in both the transverse distribution
of the photocathode drive laser and the quantum efficiency (QE) map can lead to …

The next generation of accelerator based scientific facilities, such as the megahertz
repetition rate free electron laser and electron-ion collider, relies on photoelectron sources …

Thermal emittance and quantum efficiency (QE) are key figures of merit of photocathodes,
and their uniformity is critical to high-performance photoinjectors. Several QE mapping …

The solenoid scan is one of the most common methods for the in-situ measurement of the
thermal emittance of a photocathode in an rf photoinjector. The fringe field of the solenoid …

In high brightness photoinjectors, low thermal emittance and high acceleration electric field
are desirable to deliver brighter electron beams for modern accelerator-based scientific …