The Earth can be viewed as a massive heat engine, with various energy sources and sinks.
Insights into its evolution can be obtained by quantifying the various energy contributions in …

Seismic tomography reveals 2 extensive regions in the lowermost mantle, beneath Africa
and the Pacific, that exhibit lower-than-average seismic wave speeds. These regions have …

The distribution of geochemical species in the Earth's interior is largely controlled by
fractional melting and crystallization processes that are intimately linked to the thermal state …

Processes within the lowest several hundred kilometers of Earth's rocky mantle play a critical
role in the evolution of the planet. Understanding Earth's lower mantle requires putting …

Earth's lower mantle is dominated by a pair of antipodal large low shear velocity provinces
(LLSVPs) that reach> 1000km up from the core–mantle boundary (CMB). These are …

Ultralow-velocity zones (ULVZs) at Earth's core–mantle boundary region have important
implications for the chemical composition and thermal structure of our planet, but their origin …

The lowermost mantle right above the core-mantle boundary is highly heterogeneous
containing multiple poorly understood seismic features. The smallest but most extreme …

A melt has greater volume than a silicate solid of the same composition. But this difference
diminishes at high pressure, and the possibility that a melt sufficiently enriched in the heavy …

Much progress has been made over the past several decades in delineating the structure of
subducting slabs, but several key aspects of their dynamics remain poorly constrained …

We have compiled all previous ultralow velocity zone (ULVZ) studies, and digitized their
core‐mantle boundary (CMB) sampling locations. For studies that presented sampling …