Tumor suppressor genes cooperate with each other in tumors. Three important tumor
suppressor proteins, retinoblastoma (Rb), p53, phosphatase, and tensin homolog deleted …

Protein ubiquitination is a dynamic multifaceted post-translational modification involved in
nearly all aspects of eukaryotic biology. Once attached to a substrate, the 76-amino acid …

Ubiquitylation is essential for signal transduction as well as cell division and differentiation in
all eukaryotes. Substrate modifications range from a single ubiquitin molecule to complex …

Protein ubiquitination is one of the most powerful posttranslational modifications of proteins,
as it regulates a plethora of cellular processes in distinct manners. Simple …

Understanding the function of genes mutated in hereditary forms of Parkinson's disease
yields insight into disease etiology and reveals new pathways in cell biology. Although …

Damaged mitochondria are detrimental to cellular homeostasis. One mechanism for removal
of damaged mitochondria involves the PINK1-PARKIN pathway, which poly-ubiquitylates …

Ubiquitylation is an essential posttranslational modification that controls cell division,
differentiation, and survival in all eukaryotes. By combining multiple E3 ligases (writers) …

Selective autophagy is a quality control pathway through which cellular components are
sequestered into double-membrane vesicles and delivered to specific intracellular …

Phosphorylation is often used to promote protein ubiquitylation, yet we rarely understand
quantitatively how ligase activation and ubiquitin (UB) chain assembly are integrated with …

Proteolysis in eukaryotic cells is mainly mediated by the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system
(UPS) and the autophagylysosome system (hereafter autophagy). The UPS is a selective …