Prey species show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance and defense
against predators. For many mammalian species this includes sensitivity towards predator …

Predation is one of the most important selection pressures acting on prey behaviour. While
numerous studies have shown that when predation risk is high, prey tend to increase …

Optimal behavior theory suggests that prey animals will reduce activity during intermittent
periods when elevated predation risk outweighs the fitness benefits of activity. Specifically …

Small mammals are key scatter hoarders in forest ecosystems, acting as both seed
predators and dispersers. The outcome of their interactions (ie, predation vs. dispersal) is …

Animals live in complex environments in which predation risk and food availability change
over time. To deal with this variability and maximize their survival, animals should take into …

Understanding the behaviorally mediated indirect effects of predators in ecosystems
requires knowledge of predator–prey behavioral interactions. In predator–ungulate–plant …

The antipredator behaviour of prey organisms is shaped by a series of threat-sensitive trade-
offs between the benefits associated with successful predator avoidance and a suite of other …

In natural environments, predation risk varies over time. The risk allocation hypothesis
predicts that prey is expected to adjust key anti‐predator behaviours such as vigilance to …

Temporal variation in predation risk may fundamentally influence antipredator responses of
prey animals. To maximize lifetime fitness, prey must be able to optimize energy gain and …

Predator odors are non-intrusive naturalistic stressors of high ethological relevance. Prey
species show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance, and defense against …