The gastrointestinal tract is the only internal organ to have evolved with its own independent
nervous system, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). This Review provides an …

Disturbances in the glutamatergic system have been increasingly documented in several
neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Glutamate-centered …

Background and Aims Bowel function requires coordinated activity of diverse enteric neuron
subtypes. Our aim was to define gene expression in these neuron subtypes to facilitate …

Infants and young children receive the highest exposures to antibiotics globally. Although
there is building evidence that early life exposure to antibiotics increases susceptibility to …

Adolescence is a critical period of development. It is very likely that there is significant
maturation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gut during this stage of life, especially …

Recent studies on humans and their key experimental model, the mouse, have begun to
uncover the importance of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and enteric nervous system (ENS) …

The existence of a bidirectional communication system termed the “gut-brain axis” linking
the gastrointestinal tract with the brain has been recognized since the nineteenth century. In …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of middle-aged and
elderly people, clinically characterized by resting tremor, myotonia, reduced movement, and …

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) in the anterior hypothalamus and the
tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) in the posterior hypothalamus are critical regions which …

Mutations in the Neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3) gene are implicated in autism spectrum disorder
(ASD) and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, but cellular Nlgn3 expression in the enteric …