Abstract Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine that elicits both immunogenic and
tolerogenic immune response essential for homeostasis. Initial clinical application of IL-2 …

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulation and aberrant activation of cells in
the immune system. Therefore, restoration of the immune balance represents a promising …

Background The immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) infection in COVID-19 patients has been extensively investigated. However …

T helper cells aid B cells with the production of antibodies and thus play a central role in
disease development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Numerous T helper cell …

Cytokines are an important set of proteins regulating bone homeostasis. In inflammation
induced bone resorption, cytokines, such as RANKL, TNF-α, M-CSF, are indispensable for …

The inactivated vaccine CoronaVac is one of the most widely used COVID-19 vaccines
globally. However, the longitudinal evolution of the immune response induced by …

Despite early clinical successes, the mechanisms of action of low-dose interleukin-2 (LD-IL-
2) immunotherapy remain only partly understood. Here we examine the effects of interval …

Patients with SLE are at high risk of various infections as evidenced by a number of studies.
The main determinants of infection in SLE are disease activity, organ damage, and often …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining self-immune tolerance. Reduced
numbers or functions of Treg cells have been involved in the pathogenesis of various …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory disorder related to immunity
dysfunction. The Th1 cell family including Th1 cells, transcription factor T-bet, and related …