This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Aim of study Since the leaves of olive have been recommended in the literature as a remedy
for the treatment of diabetes and they also contain antioxidant agents, we decided to …

The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) is the primary target for opioid analgesics. MOR induces
analgesia through the inhibition of second messenger pathways and the modulation of ion …

There is an increasing body of literature from both clinical and basic science studies
regarding opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Although there has been debate about its …

AIM OF THE STUDY: Olive (Olea europaea) leaves are used as anti-rheumatic, anti-
inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipyretic, vasodilatory, hypotensive, antidiuretic and …

Mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists such as morphine are extremely effective treatments for
acute pain. In the setting of chronic pain, however, their long‐term utility is limited by the …

Accumulating evidence suggests that opioid analgesics can lead to paradoxical
sensitization to pain when delivered in different administration patterns. Although opioid …

Hyperglycemia plays a critical role in the development of diabetic neuropathy.
Hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress in neurons, resulting in neuronal cell apoptosis and …

Background: Opioids are the most widely used analgesics for the treatment of clinical pain.
They produce their therapeutic effects by binding to μ-opioid receptors (MORs), which are 7 …

In addition to analgesia opioids may also enhance pain sensitivity. Opioid-induced
hyperalgesia, typically associated with potent mu-opioid agonists (eg fentanyl, morphine …