Oxidative damage can have a devastating effect on the structure and activity of proteins, and
may even lead to cell death. The sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine are …

Cysteine is one of the least abundant amino acids, yet it is frequently found as a highly
conserved residue within functional (regulatory, catalytic, or binding) sites in proteins. It is …

Summary Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is a key redox intermediate generated within cells.
Existing probes for H 2 O 2 have not solved the problem of detection of the ultra-low …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules that are naturally
produced within biological systems. Research has focused extensively on revealing the …

Oxidative stress has long been implicated in cardiovascular disease, but more recently, the
role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal physiological signaling has been …

Glaucoma is a group of diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration that
results in visual field loss and irreversible blindness. A crucial element in the …

Significance: Protein S-nitrosylation, the oxidative modification of cysteine by nitric oxide
(NO) to form protein S-nitrosothiols (SNOs), mediates redox-based signaling that conveys, in …

Background Production of correctly disulfide bonded proteins to high yields remains a
challenge. Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli is the popular choice …

Significance: Disulfides are important building blocks in the secondary and tertiary structures
of proteins, serving as inter-and intra-subunit cross links. Disulfides are also the major …

The thioredoxin (Trx) system is one of the central antioxidant systems in mammalian cells,
maintaining a reducing environment by catalyzing electron flux from nicotinamide adenine …