Embryo-derived tissue-resident macrophages are the first representatives of the
haematopoietic lineage to emerge in metazoans. In mammals, resident macrophages …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

Tissue-resident macrophages are present in most tissues with developmental, self-renewal,
or functional attributes that do not easily fit into a textbook picture of a plastic and …

Osteogenesis during bone modeling and remodeling is coupled with angiogenesis. A recent
study showed that a specific vessel subtype, strongly positive for CD31 and endomucin …

Acidic extracellular pH is a major feature of tumor tissue, extracellular acidification being
primarily considered to be due to lactate secretion from anaerobic glycolysis …

The protonation state of soluble and membrane-associated macromolecules dictates their
charge, conformation, and functional activity. In addition, protons (H+ or their equivalents) …

The role of immune system in various bone pathologies, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis,
and rheumatoid arthritis is now well established. This had led to the emergence of a modern …

Cathepsin K (CatK) is one of the most potent proteases in lysosomal cysteine proteases
family, of which main function is to mediate bone resorption. Currently, CatK is among the …

Physiological bone remodeling is a highly coordinated process responsible for bone
resorption and formation and is necessary to repair damaged bone and to maintain mineral …

Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family.
Although cathepsin K is highly expressed in osteoclasts, lower levels of cathepsin K are also …