This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Abstract The Entangled Brain (Pessoa, L., 2002. MIT Press) promotes the idea that we need
to understand the brain as a complex, entangled system. Why does the complex systems …

The adaptive regulation of fear memories is a crucial neural function that prevents
inappropriate fear expression. Fear memories can be acquired through contextual fear …

The acquisition of fear associative memory requires brain processes of coordinated neural
activity within the amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem …

Chronic stress-induced emotional disorders like anxiety and depression involve imbalances
between the excitatory glutamatergic system and the inhibitory GABAergic system in the …

Posttraumatic stress disorder can be viewed as a disorder of fear dysregulation. An
abundance of research suggests that the prefrontal cortex is central to fear processing—that …

Neuroimaging has revealed robust interactions between the prefrontal cortex and the
hippocampus when people stop memory retrieval. Efforts to stop retrieval can arise when …

The ability to adapt to dynamic environments requires tracking multiple signals with variable
sensory salience and fluctuating behavioral relevance. This complex process requires …

Traumatic events result in vivid and enduring fear memories. Suppressing the retrieval of
these memories is central to behavioral therapies for pathological fear. The medial prefrontal …

Therapeutic interventions for disorders of fear and anxiety rely on behavioral approaches
that reduce pathological fear memories. For example, learning that threat-predictive stimuli …