Mechanosensing describes the ability of a cell to sense mechanical cues of its
microenvironment, including not only all components of force, stress, and strain but also …

The immune response is orchestrated by a variety of immune cells. The function of each cell
is determined by the collective signals from various immunoreceptors, whose expression …

TCR-pMHC interactions initiate adaptive immune responses, but the mechanism of how
such interactions under force induce T cell signaling is unclear. We show that force prolongs …

T cells defend against cancer and viral infections by rapidly scanning the surface of target
cells seeking specific peptide antigens. This key process in adaptive immunity is sparked …

Despite the clinical success of blocking its interactions, how PD-1 inhibits T-cell activation is
incompletely understood, as exemplified by its potency far exceeding what might be …

Particles engineered to engage and interact with cell surface ligands and to modulate cells
can be harnessed to explore basic biological questions as well as to devise cellular …

Since the pioneering works of Berg and Purcell, discriminating between diffusion followed
by binding has played a central role in understanding cell signaling. B cell receptors (BCR) …

T cells discriminate between self and foreign antigenic peptides, displayed on antigen
presenting cell surfaces, via the TCR. While the molecular interactions between TCR and its …

T cell specificity emerges from a myriad of processes, ranging from the biological pathways
that control T cell signaling to the structural and physical mechanisms that influence how …

We have recently shown that two-dimensional (2D) and force-regulated kinetics of TCR–
peptide-bound MHC class I (pMHC-I) interactions predict responses of CD8+ T cells. To test …