Many animals and plants that colonize hard surfaces in the sea are sessile and either bore
into, or cement themselves permanently to the substrate surface. Because they retain their …

The encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms (Middle Ordovician to Middle Jurassic) have their
acme of diversity in the Middle Paleozoic and they form a part of the Paleozoic evolutionary …

Tentaculitoids have traditionally been assigned to either Mollusca or Annelida. In addition,
cnidarian, brachiopod, bryozoan, phoronid and sponge affinities have been proposed …

Stromatoporoids hosted a diverse fauna of symbiotic endobionts during the Silurian and
Devonian. Assemblages of symbiotic endobionts from the Ordovician, Silurian and …

The earliest known macroscopic endobiotic symbionts are described from Middle Ordovician
bryozoans of Osmussaar Island, Estonia. The bryozoan symbionts represent a new …

Clathrodictyids are the most abundant stromatoporoids in the Upper Ordovician Xiazhen
Formation (middle to upper Katian) of South China. A total of nine species belonging to four …

Three species of trepostome bryozoans formed syn vivo associations with the Cornulites in
the Late Ordovician of Estonia. Cornulites sp. and Mesotrypa excentrica presumably formed …

Parasitic associations involving colonial animals are farily evenly distributed through the
post-Cambrian Phanerozoic and have a long evolutionary history. Parasitism may have …

A diverse early endobiotic coral symbiont assemblage has been detected within heliolitid
tabulate corals of Katian age from northwestern Estonia. This assemblage indicates that the …

Cornulites sp. and Fistulipora przhidolensis formed a symbiotic association in the Pridoli
(latest Silurian) of Saaremaa Island, Estonia. This Cornulites sp.–F. przhidolensis …