Understanding of secular evolution of the Earth system is based largely on the rock and
mineral archive preserved in the continental lithosphere. Based on the frequency and range …

Supercontinents signify self-organization in plate tectonics. Over the past~ 2 billion years,
three major supercontinents have been identified, with increasing age: Pangaea, Rodinia …

Abstract The Iapetus Ocean was the first ancient ocean to be identified following the
development of plate tectonics; its history has been fundamental in relating orogenesis and …

Supercontinent amalgamation is described by the end-member kinematic processes of
introversion–closure of interior oceans; extroversion–closure of exterior oceans; or …

Marine ironstone is a Phanerozoic biochemical sedimentary rock that contains abundant
primary iron. Although rare, ironstone is conspicuous in the Paleozoic sedimentary record …

The assembly and dispersion of continental crust are first-order controls on paleogeography
and geochemical cycles. The associated reworking of Earth's crust can be tracked with …

Following a decade during which its presence was widely accepted, the existence of the
putative Ediacaran supercontinent Pannotia has come into question since the turn of the …

Neoproterozoic to Cambrian isolation of Laurentia during the breakup of Rodinia was
associated with multiple large igneous provinces, protracted multiphase rifting, and variable …

The origin of the Cambrian–Ordovician tectono-magmatic events affecting NE Gondwana
and the adjacent peri-Gondwanan terranes (eg, Himalaya, Lhasa, Southern Qiangtang …

Using Gondwana as an example, we show how the geological record can be interrogated to
detect significant changes in mantle convection patterns at critical junctures in Earth's …