X-ray free-electron lasers have enabled new approaches to the structural determination of
protein crystals that are too small or radiation-sensitive for conventional analysis. For …

Proteins that contain metal cofactors are expected to be highly radiation sensitive since the
degree of X-ray absorption correlates with the presence of high-atomic-number elements …

The advent of x-ray free-electron lasers has enabled a range of new experimental
investigations into the properties of matter driven to extreme conditions via intense x-ray …

Interaction of a solid material with focused, intense pulses of high-energy photons or other
particles (such as electrons and ions) creates a strong electronic excitation state within an …

We describe a method to compute photon–matter interaction and atomic dynamics with x-ray
lasers using a hybrid code based on classical molecular dynamics and collisional-radiative …

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is the first X-ray free electron laser to achieve
lasing at subnanometer wavelengths (6 Å). LCLS is poised to reach even shorter …

We report on an experiment performed at the FLASH2 free-electron laser (FEL) aimed at
producing warm dense matter via soft x-ray isochoric heating. In the experiment, we focus on …

In structural determination of crystalline proteins using intense femtosecond X-ray lasers,
damage processes lead to loss of structural coherence during the exposure. We use a …

The first hard X-ray laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), produces 120 shots per
second. Particles injected into the X-ray beam are hit randomly and in unknown orientations …

Saturable absorption is a nonlinear effect where a material's ability to absorb light is
frustrated due to a high influx of photons and the creation of electron vacancies …