The 2021 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System
reflects the discovery of genetic alterations underlying many central nervous system (CNS) …

Low grade gliomas are the most frequent brain tumors in children and encompass a
spectrum of histologic entities which are currently assigned World Health Organisation …

Background Paediatric low-grade glioma is the most common CNS tumour of childhood.
Although overall survival is good, disease often recurs. No single universally accepted …

Purpose BRAF V600E is a potentially highly targetable mutation detected in a subset of
pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGGs). Its biologic and clinical effect within this diverse group …

Background Pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGG) are the most frequent brain tumors in
children. Up to 50% will be refractory to conventional chemotherapy. It is now known that the …

Astrocytomas are the most common type of brain tumors in children. Activated BRAF protein
kinase mutations are characteristic of pediatric astrocytomas with KIAA1549-BRAF fusion …

Activation of the MAPK signaling pathway has been shown to be a unifying molecular
feature in pilocytic astrocytoma (PA). Genetically, tandem duplications at chromosome 7q34 …

Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) occur in 15%–20% of children with neurofibromatosis type 1
(NF1), leading to visual deficits in fewer than half of these individuals. The goal of …

An early diagnosis and precise prognosis are critical for the treatment of glioma. The
mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway potentially affects glioma, but …

Chromosomal translocations involving the NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 genes (TRK
fusions), which encode the neurotrophin tyrosine kinase receptors TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC …