The mechanisms that explain mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and healthspan continue to
be studied, but one element has been unexplored: microproteins. Small open reading …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by tissue-specific insulin resistance and
pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which result from the interplay of local abnormalities within …

Mitokines are signaling molecules that enable communication of local mitochondrial stress
to other mitochondria in distant cells and tissues. Among those molecules are FGF21 …

Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are small bioactive peptides encoded by short open-
reading frames (sORF) in mitochondrial DNA that do not necessarily have traditional …

Healthy aging can be promoted by enhanced metabolic fitness and physical capacity.
Mitochondria are chief metabolic organelles with strong implications in aging that also …

Humanin (HN) is a small mitochondrial-derived cytoprotective polypeptide encoded by
mtDNA. HN exhibits protective effects in several cell types, including leukocytes, germ cells …

Humanin is a member of a new family of peptides that are encoded by short open reading
frames within the mitochondrial genome. It is conserved in animals and is both …

MOTS-c is a peptide encoded by the short open reading frame of the mitochondrial 12S
rRNA gene. It is significantly expressed in response to stress or exercise and translocated to …

The most common complication during pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), can
cause adverse pregnancy outcomes and result in the mother and infant having a higher risk …

Abstract Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21), Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), and
Humanin (HN) are mitochondrial stress-related mitokines, whose role in health and disease …