Animals live in symbiosis with numerous microbe species. While some can protect hosts
from infection and benefit host health, components of the microbiota or changes to the …

Ancient enzootic associations between wildlife and their infections allow evolution to
innovate mechanisms of pathogenicity that are counterbalanced by host responses …

The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a skin pathogen that
can cause the emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis in susceptible species. It has …

The salamander plague, caused by the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium
salamandrivorans (Bsal), is one of the most devastating amphibian diseases, currently …

The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune
function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses …

Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is fundamentally altering patterns of disease
transmission and immunity across the vertebrate tree of life. Most studies linking …

Microorganisms are increasingly recognized as ecosystem-relevant components because
they affect the population dynamics of hosts. Functioning at the interface of the host and …

Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including
immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of …

Amphibian skin is not to be considered a mere tegument; it has a multitude of functions
related to respiration, osmoregulation, and thermoregulation, thus allowing the individuals to …

In the approximately 30 years since the recognition of the crisis of global amphibian
declines, much has been learned about the likely causes. Among the leading causes are …