The series hybrid transmission (SHT) and series-parallel hybrid transmission (SPHT) have
become an important development direction in the field of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in …

The paper deals with real-time energy management strategies for a hybrid energy storage
system including a battery and supercapacitor for an electric vehicle. Besides efficiency …

This paper presents a causal optimal control-based energy management strategy for a
parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This strategy not only seeks to minimize fuel …

The Pontryagin's minimum principle is utilized in this paper to determine the best solution of
component sizing and energy management strategy for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle …

The highest control layer of a (hybrid) vehicular drive train is termed the Energy
Management Strategy (EMS). In this paper an overview of different control methods is given …

Hybrid vehicle control strategies are algorithms devoted to the energy management. At each
sampling time they choose the powertrain operating point in order to minimize a criterion …

Energy storage systems are a key point in the design and development of electric and hybrid
vehicles. In order to reduce the battery size and its current stress, a hybrid storage system …

Dynamic programming is a widely used algorithm to solve the optimal control problem for
hybrid electric vehicle in the whole driving scenario, but the problems of interpolation error …

Automotive engineers and researchers have proposed different topologies for series-
parallel hybrid electric vehicles (SP-HEVs). The Toyota Hybrid System (THS) is the best …

The energy performance of a building has a significant impact on the environment as well as
the comfort of its occupants. Given that window systems and control elements such as …