Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), mainly present in immune cells, epithelial cells, and brain
cells, manifests as an intracellular non-receptor enzyme that modulates inflammation and …

Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including
nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes …

The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11
families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate the cellular levels
of the second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, by controlling their rates of degradation. There …

Although cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) were described soon after the
discovery of cAMP, their complexity and functions in signaling is only recently beginning to …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which are ubiquitously distributed in
mammalian tissues, play a major role in cell signaling by hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP. Due …

cAMP is a second messenger that controls many key cellular functions. The only way to
inactivate cAMP is to degrade it through the action of cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) …

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a key second messenger in all cells. It is compartmentalized within
cells and its levels are controlled, as a result of spatially discrete signaling cassettes …

Cyclic nucleotide second messengers (cAMP and cGMP) play a central role in signal
transduction and regulation of physiologic responses. Their intracellular levels are …

Spatiotemporal regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) activity involves the manipulation of
compartmentalized cAMP pools. Now we demonstrate that the muscle‐selective A‐kinase …