What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Cytokines are low molecular weight glycoproteins involved in the regulation of the immune
system, and more than 100 cytokines have hitherto been identified in humans. Cytokines …

Cytokines, produced at the site of entry of a pathogen, drive inflammatory signals that
regulate the capacity of resident and newly arrived phagocytes to destroy the invading …

The origins of the adaptive immune system and the basis for its unique association with
vertebrate species have been a source of considerable speculation. In light of recent …

The innate immune response involves a concerted network of induced gene products,
preformed immune effectors, biochemical signalling cascades and specialised cells …

Abstract T and B lymphocytes (T and B cells) are immune effector cells that play critical roles
in adaptive immunity and defend against external pathogens in most vertebrates, including …

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can suppress the activation, proliferation, and
function of many T-cell subsets, protecting organisms from inflammatory and autoimmune …

Immunosuppressive cytokines are a class of cytokines produced by immune cells and
certain non-immune cells that have a suppressive effect on immune function. Currently …

Early activation and coordination of innate defenses are critical for effective responses
against infiltrating pathogens. Rapid engagement of immune cells provides a critical first line …

We report on the characterization and functional analysis of IFNγ of the goldfish. Quantitative
analysis indicated the highest expression of goldfish IFNγ in the spleen, with lower …