BACKGROUND The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
was established in 1992 to pursue the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations at a …

The geographic distributions of marine species are changing rapidly, with leading range
edges following climate poleward, deeper, and in other directions and trailing range edges …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Slower warming in the deep ocean encourages a perception that its biodiversity is less
exposed to climate change than that of surface waters. We challenge this notion by …

The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels of experts that
inform the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The EEAP focuses on the effects of UV radiation …

Globally, anomalously warm temperature events have increased by 34% in frequency and
17% in duration from 1925 to 2016 with potentially major impacts on coastal ecosystems …

Climate change is shifting the ranges of species. Simple predictive metrics of range shifts
such as climate velocity, that do not require extensive knowledge or data on individual …

Coral and macroalgal communities are threatened by global stressors. However, recently
reported community shifts from temperate macroalgae to tropical corals offer conservation …

Climate change is causing range shifts in many marine species, with implications for
biodiversity and fisheries. Previous research has mainly focused on how species' ranges will …