Introduction The association between extreme birth spacing and adverse outcomes is
controversial, and available evidence is fragmented into different classifications of birth …

Background Pakistan has among the poorest pregnancy outcomes worldwide, significantly
worse than many other low-resource countries. The reasons for these differences are not …

Background Short inter-pregnancy or birth interval is associated with an increased risk of
adverse perinatal outcomes. However, some emerging evidence questions this association …

Background Low birthweight (LBW) as well as early childhood stunting are risk factors for
increased childhood morbidity in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). The Covid 19 …

Background In developing countries, short birth interval is one of the major public health
issues. It is one of the leading cause's adverse birth outcomes in the worldwide. Despite the …

Background Recently, the concern with birth interval has acquired importance in public
health and family planning because of its implication for fertility, maternal, and child health. A …

Although low birth weight (LBW) is still a major health problem in Indonesia, studies about
determinants of LBW with large sample sizes are still limited. This study aimed to examine …

Background Despite the availability of exempted family planning services, a significant
proportion of women in African countries continue to experience inadequately spaced …

Background Women's high-risk fertility behavior (HRFB), which is characterized by narrow
birth intervals, high birth order, and younger maternal age at birth, have been scientifically …

Background A maternal near-miss is a situation in which a woman was on the verge of death
but survived a life-threatening obstetric complication that happened during pregnancy …