Comparative developmental evidence indicates that reorganizations in developmental gene
regulatory networks (GRNs) underlie evolutionary changes in animal morphology, including …

Reverse genetics and next‐generation sequencing unlocked a new era in biology. It is now
possible to identify an animal (s) with the unique biology most relevant to a particular …

Biologists have long sought to understand which genes and what kinds of changes in their
sequences are responsible for the evolution of morphological diversity. Here, I outline eight …

Embryos of the echinoderms, especially those of sea urchins and sea stars, have been
studied as model organisms for over 100 years. The simplicity of their early development …

The extensive array of morphological diversity among animal taxa represents the product of
millions of years of evolution. Morphology is the output of development, therefore phenotypic …

As the result of early specification processes, sea urchin embryos eventually form various
mesodermal cell lineages and a gut consisting of fore-, mid-and hindgut. The progression of …

Understanding the functional relationship between intracellular factors and extracellular
signals is required for reconstructing gene regulatory networks (GRN) involved in complex …

The form that an animal takes during development is directed by gene regulatory networks
(GRNs). Developmental GRNs interpret maternally deposited molecules and externally …

Progress in resolving the phylogenetic relationships among animals and the expansion of
molecular developmental studies to a broader variety of organisms has provided important …

A central challenge of developmental and evolutionary biology is to understand how
anatomy is encoded in the genome. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms that control the …