Abstract In 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics
(ISAPP) convened a panel of experts specializing in nutrition, microbial physiology …

In recent years, new probiotic-related concepts such as postbiotics and paraprobiotics have
been used to describe non-viable microorganisms or bacterial-free extracts that may provide …

Orally administered probiotics encounter various challenges on their journey through the
mouth, stomach, intestine and colon. The health benefits of probiotics are diminished mainly …

Nowadays, the oral use of probiotics is widespread. However, the safety profile with the use
of live probiotics is still a matter of debate. Main risks include: Cases of systemic infections …

Consuming fermented foods has been reported to result in improvements in a range of
health parameters. These positive effects can be exerted by a combination of the live …

The brain–gut–microbiome axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut
microbiota and the central nervous system. The growing interest in the gut microbiota and …

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host. However, in
recent years, several concerns on their use have been raised. In particular, industrial …

Akkermansia muciniphila, as a member of the gut microbiota, has been proposed as a next-
generation probiotic. Liver fibrosis is the main determinant of liver dysfunction and mortality …

Alzheimer's disease is associated with cerebral accumulation of amyloid-β peptide and
hyperphosphorylated tau. In the past 28 years, huge efforts have been made in attempting to …

Stress is a nonspecific response of the body to any demand imposed upon it, disrupting the
body homoeostasis and manifested with symptoms such as anxiety, depression or even …