Systemic administration of the local anaesthetic lidocaine is antinociceptive in both acute
and chronic pain states, especially in acute postoperative and chronic neuropathic pain …

Inhalation anesthetics are used widely for the anesthetic management of animals. They are
unique among anesthetic drugs because they are administered, and in large part removed …

Local anaesthetics have been used clinically for well over a century, but the molecular
mechanisms by which they alter specific functions of the peripheral nerve system remained …

The currently available local anaesthetic agents are capable of providing high quality nerve
blockade in a wide variety of clinical circumstances. Our understanding of the mechanisms …

Introduction The neuroinflammatory response plays a key role in several pain syndromes.
Intravenous (iv) lidocaine is beneficial in acute and chronic pain. This review delineates the …

The long history of local anesthetics (LAs) starts out in the late 19th century when the content
of coca plant leaves was discovered to alleviate pain. Soon after, cocaine was established …

Central neuropathic pain is caused by a disease or lesion of the brain or spinal cord. It is
difficult to predict which patients will develop central pain syndromes after a central nervous …

Background The perception of effort provides information on task difficulty and influences
physical exercise regulation and human behavior. This perception differs from other …

Background Intrathecal neostigmine produces analgesia in volunteers and patients.
However, the use of epidural neostigmine has not been investigated. The purpose of the …