Recent wildfire outbreaks around the world have prompted concern that climate change is
increasing fire incidence, threatening human livelihood and biodiversity, and perpetuating …

Green water—terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture—is fundamental to
Earth system dynamics and is now extensively perturbed by human pressures at continental …

In recent decades, the warming in the Arctic has been much faster than in the rest of the
world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Numerous studies report that the Arctic …

Flash droughts have occurred frequently worldwide, with a rapid onset that challenges
drought monitoring and forecasting capabilities. However, there is no consensus on whether …

Climate simulations: recognize the ‘hot model’ problem Skip to main content Thank you for
visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the …

The ongoing phenological changes in vegetation on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau could
modify land surface and atmospheric processes. In this Review, we summarize these …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Many research questions in Earth and environmental sciences are inherently causal,
requiring robust analyses to establish whether and how changes in one variable cause …

Soil salinization has become one of the major environmental and socioeconomic issues
globally and this is expected to be exacerbated further with projected climatic change …

Most state-of-the-art approaches for weather and climate modeling are based on physics-
informed numerical models of the atmosphere. These approaches aim to model the non …