Spasticity and weakness (spastic paresis) are the primary motor impairments after stroke
and impose significant challenges for treatment and patient care. Spasticity emerges and …

Neuromechanical principles define the properties and problems that shape neural solutions
for movement. Although the theoretical and experimental evidence is debated, we present …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies in humans have shown that many
behaviors engage processes that suppress excitability within the corticospinal tract …

The initial increases in force production with resistance training are thought to be primarily
underpinned by neural adaptations. This notion is firmly supported by evidence displaying …

The review demonstrates that control of posture and locomotion is provided by systems
across the caudal-to-rostral extent of the neuraxis. A common feature of the neuroanatomic …

Spasticity is one of many consequences after stroke. It is characterized by a velocity-
dependent increase in resistance during passive stretch, resulting from hyperexcitability of …

The central nervous system (CNS) may produce coordinated motor outputs via the
combination of motor modules representable as muscle synergies. Identification of muscle …

Damage to the corticospinal tract is a leading cause of motor disability, for example in stroke
or spinal cord injury. Some function usually recovers, but whether plasticity of undamaged …

An account of the neurobiology of motor recovery in the arm and hand after stroke by two
experts in the field. Stroke is a leading cause of disability in adults and recovery is often …

The primate reticulospinal tract is usually considered to control proximal and axial muscles,
and to be involved mainly in gross movements such as locomotion, reaching and posture …