Feelings of hunger and satiety are the key determinants for maintaining the life of humans
and animals. Disturbed appetite control may disrupt the metabolic health of the host and …

The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important factor in the development of
metabolic diseases such as obesity and is considered an endocrine organ involved in the …

The life of all animals is dominated by alternating feelings of hunger and satiety—the main
involuntary motivations for feeding-related behaviour. Gut bacteria depend fully on their host …

The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate (C2), propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4) are the
main metabolic products of anaerobic bacteria fermentation in the intestine. In addition to …

The gastrointestinal tract presents the largest and most vulnerable surface to the outside
world. Simultaneously, it must be accessible and permeable to nutrients and must defend …

The gut–brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain.
Four information carriers (vagal and spinal afferent neurons, immune mediators such as …

Objectives 5-HT storing enterochromaffin (EC) cells are believed to respond to nutrient and
gut microbial components, and 5-HT receptor-expressing afferent vagal neurons have been …

The enteroendocrine system is the primary sensor of ingested nutrients and is responsible
for secreting an array of gut hormones, which modulate multiple physiological responses …

Objective: Dietary fat is thought to stimulate release of incretin hormones via activation of
fatty acid receptors in the intestine. However, dietary fat (triacylglycerol) is digested to 2 …

The regulated release of anorexigenic α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and
orexigenic Agouti-related protein (AgRP) from discrete hypothalamic arcuate neurons onto …