These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on “Non-invasive electrical
and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures …

A number of methods have been developed recently that stimulate the human brain non‐
invasively through the intact scalp. The most common are transcranial magnetic stimulation …

OBJECTIVE: To identify the possible contribution of electromyogram (EMG) to scalp
electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms at rest and induced or evoked by cognitive tasks …

Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) activates a number of different neuron
types in the cortex, the final output elicited in corticospinal neurones is surprisingly …

Internally and externally triggered sensory, motor and cognitive events elicit a number of
transient changes in the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG): event-related brain …

High frequency oscillations are associated with normal brain function, but also increasingly
recognized as potential biomarkers of the epileptogenic brain. Their role in human cognition …

Non‐technical summary Neural activity in parts of the cerebral cortex related to movement
oscillates at frequencies around 20 Hz. These oscillations are correlated with similar …

Interest in the therapeutic potential of non-invasive human brain stimulation has been
boosted by an improved understanding of the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and the …

High-frequency oscillations (HFO; gamma: 40–100 Hz, ripples: 100–200 Hz, and fast
ripples: 250–500 Hz) have been widely studied in health and disease. These phenomena …

Acquisition of electroencephalogram (EEG) during functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) provides an additional monitoring tool for the analysis of brain state fluctuations. The …