* Corresponding author. halophiles, methanogens, and thermophiles (105). They thrive in
environments that would normally kill many other known organisms; in fact, they are now …

Bacteria can be categorized according to their growth~, empcrature ranges into
psychrophiles (0-20░ C), mesophiles (10-50░ C) and thermophiles (40-110░ C)[1]; …

The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and archaea determine to a large extent the
composition of the cytoplasm. Since the ion and in particular the proton and/or the sodium …

In extreme environments, mainly Archaea are encountered. The archaeal cytoplasmic
membrane contains unique ether lipids that cannot easily be degraded, are temperature …

In 1961, two concepts of energy coupling were published, one by Mitchell I and the other by
Williams z, both dealing with the transfer of charges (electrons, H÷, OH-) in biological energy …

Prokaryotes inhabiting in the deep sea vent ecosystem will thus experience harsh conditions
of temperature, pH, salinity or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) stress. Among the fifty-two …

Surface layers (S-layers) fromBacteriaandArchaeaare built from protein molecules arrayed
in a two-dimensional lattice, forming the outermost cell wall layer in many prokaryotes. In …

Artificial bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) have been known since 1854 when Virchow1
observed “myelin figures” resembling biological cell membranes under the microscope. In …

The plasma membrane of Caldariella acidophila, an extreme thermophilic archaebacterium,
is characterized by unusual bipolar lipids. They are based on two C 40 ω-ω′ biphytanyl …

The lipids of Archaea, based on glycerol isopranoid ethers, can be used taxonomically to
distinguish between phenotypic subgroups of the domain to delineate them clearly from all …