Summary 15 years ago, the fundamental biology of an inflammatory signaling complex
eventually dubbed “the inflammasome” began to unravel in chronologic parallel with the …

Vertebrates have evolved a sophisticated adaptive immune system that relies on an almost
infinite diversity of antigen receptors that are clonally expressed by specialized immune cells …

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) binding to bacterial flagellin activates signaling through the
transcription factor NF-κB and triggers an innate immune response to the invading …

TLRs play a critical role in the detection of microbes and endogenous “alarmins” to initiate
host defense, yet they can also contribute to the development and progression of …

One of the primary physiological roles of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is in the immune
system. In particular, NF-κB family members control the transcription of cytokines and …

This work describes the nature and strength of the immune response induced by various Toll-
like receptor ligands and their ability to act as vaccine adjuvants. It reviews the various …

Flagellin, the main building block of the bacterial flagellum, acts as a pathogen-associated
molecular pattern triggering the innate immune response in animals and plants. In …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the major cell-surface initiators of inflammatory responses to
pathogens. They bind a wide variety of pathogenic substances through their ectodomains …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that detect invading pathogens by
binding conserved, microbially derived molecules and that induce signaling cascades for …

The Toll family of class I transmembrane receptors recognizes and responds to diverse
structures associated with pathogenic microorganisms. These receptors mediate initial …