Gastrointestinal and central function are intrinsically connected by the gut microbiota, an
ecosystem that has co-evolved with the host to expand its biotransformational capabilities …

The authors review existing structural and functional neuroimaging studies of patients with
bipolar disorder and discuss how these investigations enhance our understanding of the …

Stress-induced structural remodeling in the adult hippocampus, involving debranching and
shortening of dendrites and suppression of neurogenesis, provides a cellular basis for …

Background: Functional imaging studies suggest a specific role of the anterior brain regions
in the pathogenesis of major depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible …

Background Bipolar disorder (BD) has substantial morbidity and incompletely understood
neurobiological underpinnings. Objective To investigate brain chemistry in medication-free …

Breakdown of cellular membranes is a characteristic feature of neuronal degeneration in
acute (stroke) and chronic (senile dementia) neurological disorders. The present review …

Background. There is little evidence to support possible structural changes in the amygdala
and hippocampus of patients with severe depression. Methods. Quantitative MRI of the …

In a review of the current literature, we identified 1H MRS studies of major depressive
disorder (MDD) that examined the metabolites N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo …

Background: N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) is an amino acid present in high concentrations in
neurons and is thus a putative neuronal marker. In vivo proton magnetic resonance …

Background We monitored the effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on the nuclear
magnetic resonance–detectable metabolitesN-acetylaspartate, creatine and …