Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is an intermediate in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Abnormal
accumulation of PPIX due to certain pathological conditions such as erythropoietic …

Abstract Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked Protoporphyria (XLP) are rare,
genetic photodermatoses resulting from defects in enzymes of the heme-biosynthetic …

The heme molecule serves as an essential prosthetic group for oxygen transport and
storage proteins, as well for cellular metabolic enzyme activities, including those involved in …

Skin pigmentation abnormalities, ranging from aesthetic concerns to severe
hyperpigmentation disease, have profound implications for individuals' psychological and …

Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is a heterocyclic organic compound that is the last intermediate in
the heme biosynthetic pathway. PPIX, due to its photodynamic effects, is utilized in the …

ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is a membrane-bound
transporter responsible for the efflux of various xenobiotics and endobiotics, including …

Mallory-Denk-bodies (MDBs) are hepatic protein aggregates associated with inflammation
both clinically and in MDB-inducing models. Similar protein aggregation in …

Hemoglobin is an essential biological component of human physiology and its production in
red blood cells relies upon proper biosynthesis of heme and globin protein. Disruption in the …

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP1) results in painful photosensitivity and severe liver
damage in humans due to the accumulation of fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). While …