Fish encounter harsh ionic/osmotic gradients on their aquatic environments, and the
mechanisms through which they maintain internal homeostasis are more challenging …

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a recently identified source of the ubiquitous second
messenger cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate (cAMP). sAC is distinct from the more …

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is the zinc metalloenzyme that catalyses the reversible reactions
of CO2 with water. CA plays a crucial role in systemic acid–base regulation in fish by …

In biological systems, carbon dioxide exists in equilibrium with bicarbonate and protons. The
individual components of this equilibrium (ie, CO 2, HCO 3−, and H+), which must be sensed …

Crustaceans' endocrinology is a vastly understudied area of research. The major focus of
the studies on this topic to date has been on the molting cycle (and in particular, the role of …

Fishes are the first vertebrates, descendents of the early chordates* that evolved from
marine, deuterostome invertebrates. The extant lancelets and tunicates both marine and …

Ion and acid–base regulating mechanisms have been studied at the fish gill for almost a
century. Original models proposed for Na+ and Cl− uptake, and their linkage with H+ and …

pH homeostasis is essential for life, yet it remains unclear how animals sense their systemic
acid/base (A/B) status. Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is an evolutionary conserved …

We investigated the potential acid–base and nitrogenous waste excretion challenges
created by voluntary feeding in freshwater rainbow trout, with particular focus on the …

Predatory fish in the wild consume whole prey including hard skeletal parts like shell and
bone. Shell and bone are made up of the buffering minerals calcium carbonate (CaCO3) …