Understanding the diversification of phenotypes through time—“descent with modification”—
has been the focus of evolutionary biology for 150 years. If, contrary to expectations …

One of the most important shifts in evolutionary biology in the past 50 years is an increased
recognition of sluggish evolution and failures to adapt, which seem paradoxical in view of …

Amphibians have undergone important evolutionary transitions in reproductive modes and
life-cycles. We compare large-scale macroevolutionary patterns in these transitions across …

The extent to which evolution is reversible has long fascinated biologists,,,,,,,. Most previous
work on the reversibility of morphological and life-history evolution,,,, has been indecisive …

The anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract of fishes follows the same basic plan as in other
vertebrates with a degree of variation reflected in phylogeny and ontogeny, diet, and …

Cave animals have historically attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists because of
their bizarre 'regressive'characters and convergent evolution. However, understanding of …

Dioecy, the coexistence of separate male and female individuals in a population, is a rare
but phylogenetically widespread sexual system in flowering plants. While research has …

Background The re-evolution of complex characters is generally considered impossible, yet,
studies of recent years have provided several examples of phenotypic reversals shown to …

Secondary transitions to aquatic environments are common among vertebrates, and aquatic
lineages display several adaptations to this realm, some of which might make these …

The major goal of ecological evolutionary developmental biology, also known as “eco-evo-
devo,” is to uncover the rules that underlie the interactions between an organism's …