Animal defences against infection involve two distinct but complementary mechanisms:
tolerance and resistance. Tolerance measures the animal's ability to limit detrimental effects …

Intestinal microorganisms interact with various immune cells and are involved in gut
homeostasis and immune regulation. Although many studies have discussed the roles of the …

In the approximately 30 years since the recognition of the crisis of global amphibian
declines, much has been learned about the likely causes. Among the leading causes are …

With emerging diseases on the rise, there is an urgent need to identify and understand novel
mechanisms of prophylactic protection in vertebrate hosts. Inducing resistance against …

Amphibians are currently the most threatened vertebrate class, with the disease
chytridiomycosis being a major contributor to their global declines. Chytridiomycosis is a …

Amphibian populations have been declining around the world for more than five decades,
and the losses continue. Although causes are complex, major contributors to these declines …

The phylum Chytridiomycota (the “chytrids”) is an early-diverging, mostly unicellular, lineage
of fungi that consists of significant aquatic saprotrophs, parasites, and pathogens, and is of …

Highlights•Batrachochytrium fungi behave as stealth pathogens in amphibian skin.•Bd and
Bsal release immunomodulatory metabolites, kynurenine, MTA, & spermidine.• …

Abstract Background The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) threatens
amphibian biodiversity and ecosystem stability worldwide. Amphibian skin microbial …

Polyamines are polycations derived from amino acids that play an important role in
proliferation and growth in almost all living cells. In Streptococcus pneumoniae (the …