Throughout the history of applied linguistics,“practice” and “automatization” have frequently
elicited negative connotations with mechanical, mindless drills of structural patterns and …

Research has suggested the important role of vocabulary knowledge in second language
(L2) speaking proficiency. However, earlier studies tended to disregard the congruence in …

This chapter reports a methodological synthesis of experimental tasks used in research of
automaticity in second language (L2) comprehension. Our survey yielded 34 instances of …

Practice is a recurring and popular theme in language education. However, the concepts of
practice and automatization have recently received renewed theoretical and practical …

The present study revisits the differential roles of form, meaning, and use aspects of
phonological vocabulary knowledge in L2 listening proficiency. A total of 126 Japanese …

The current review examines listening effort to uncover how it is implicated in bilingual
performance under adverse listening conditions. Various measures of listening effort …

Response times (RTs) have become ubiquitous in second language acquisition (SLA)
research, providing empirical evidence for the theorization of the language learning process …

In order to understand the development of automatization in second language (L2)
acquisition and its role in speaking fluency development, 39 English as foreign language …

This study investigated the effects of working memory capacity (WMC), first language (L1)
syllogistic inferencing ability, and second-language (L2) linguistic knowledge on L2 listening …

Speech pauses between turns of conversations are crucial for assessing conversation
partners' cognitive states, such as their knowledge, confidence and willingness to grant …