Evidence has arisen in recent years suggesting that a tissue renin-angiotensin system
(tRAS) is involved in the progression of various human diseases. This system contains two …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that is characterized by
increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, independent of the traditional risk factors …

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular and hydro-
electrolyte homeostasis. Blockade of the RAS as a therapeutic strategy for treating …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune condition that causes joint and
surrounding tissue inflammation. Lipid mediators are involved in inflammation and …

Inflammation is a normal part of the immune response to injury or infection but its
dysregulation promotes the development of inflammatory diseases, which cause …

Background In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), chronic inflammatory
processes lead to progresive joint destruction. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is …

Aim Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most widespread inflammatory arthropathy, which
causes severe disability. It is highly important to ameliorate the side effects caused by …

Methotrexate (MTX) and diacerein (DIA) are two of the most potent disease-modifying anti-
rheumatic drugs used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DIA has reflected some …

Background Atherosclerosis preferentially develops in regions of disturbed flow (DF).
Emerging evidence indicates that yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co …

Angiotensin (Ang) II and its AT 1 receptors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of
rheumatoid arthritis. Activation of the counter-regulatory Ang-(1–7)–Mas receptor axis may …