Mounting evidence suggests that the gut microbiome impacts brain development and
function. Gut–brain connections may be mediated by an assortment of microbial molecules …

Bile acids facilitate nutrient absorption and are endogenous ligands for nuclear receptors
that regulate lipid and energy metabolism. The brain–gut–liver axis plays an essential role in …

The natural history of cirrhosis is characterised by an asymptomatic compensated phase
followed by a decompensated phase, marked by the development of overt clinical signs, the …

Abstract Purpose of Review Stress has long been suspected to be interrelated to
(abdominal) obesity. However, interindividual differences in this complex relationship exist …

Background Critical illness is often accompanied by hypercortisolemia, which has been
attributed to stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. However …

Bile acids (BAs) play a crucial role in nutrient absorption and act as key regulators of lipid
and glucose metabolism and immune homeostasis. Through the enterohepatic circulation …

Bile acids are commonly known as digestive agents for lipids. The mechanisms of bile acids
in the gastrointestinal track during normal physiological conditions as well as hepatic and …

Critical illnesses are characterized by increased systemic cortisol availability, which is a vital
part of the stress response. Relative adrenal failure (later termed critical-illness-related …

Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol and are known to be involved with the
emulsification and digestion of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Outside of this role …

Based on insights obtained during the past decade, the classical concept of an activated
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in response to critical illness is in need of …