Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is associated with most viral infections—it either constitutes
the viral genome (in the case of dsRNA viruses) or is generated in host cells during viral …

NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are key sensors of virus
infection, mediating the transcriptional induction of type I interferons and other genes that …

RIG‐I is our first line of defense against RNA viruses, serving as a pattern recognition
receptor that identifies molecular features common among dsRNA and ssRNA viral …

RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated
protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are contagious pathogens responsible for severe respiratory
infection in humans and animals worldwide. Upon detection of IAV infection, host immune …

Viruses survive often harsh host environments, yet we know little about the strategies they
utilize to adapt and subsist given their limited genomic resources. We are beginning to …

Influenza viruses are a major pathogen of both humans and animals. Recent studies using
gene-knockout mice have led to an in-depth understanding of the innate sensors that detect …

The co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has led to the emergence of viral pathogens that
are adept at evading or actively suppressing host immunity. Pattern recognition receptors …

The innate immune system utilizes pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect the
invasion of pathogens and initiate host antimicrobial responses such as the production of …